SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Stridulation</title>

</head>

Stridulation

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1290232777">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

Stridulation is the act of producing <a href="Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with <a href="Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>. The mechanism is typically that of one structure with a well-defined lip, ridge, or nodules (the "scraper" or plectrum) being moved across a finely-ridged surface (the "file" or stridulitrum—sometimes called the pars stridens) or vice versa, and vibrating as it does so, like the dragging of a <a href="Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> needle across a <a href="LP_album" class="mw-redirect" title="LP album">vinyl record</a>. Sometimes it is the structure bearing the file which resonates to produce the sound, but in other cases it is the structure bearing the scraper, with both variants possible in related groups.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Common <a href="Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeic</a> words for the sounds produced by stridulation include chirp and chirrup.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arthropod_stridulation">Arthropod stridulation</h2></div>

<a href="Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a> and other <a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> stridulate by rubbing together two parts of the body. These are referred to generically as the stridulatory organs.

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of anterior dorsal aspect of a male <a href="Tettigoniidae" title="Tettigoniidae">katydid</a> of the genus <a href="Panoploscelis" title="Panoploscelis">Panoploscelis</a>. The <a href="Tegmen" title="Tegmen">tegmina</a> constitute the sound generator for these insects.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:218px;overflow:hidden"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of anterior dorsal aspect of a female Panoploscelis specularis katydid. The scraper lobe can be seen on the right side of the left tegmen. The crossveins of the right tegmen are not visible, as the left tegmen overlies the right.</div></div></div></div></div>

The mechanism is best known in <a href="Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, <a href="Mole_cricket" title="Mole cricket">mole crickets</a>, and <a href="Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, but other insects which stridulate include <a href="Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">Curculionidae</a> (weevils and bark beetles), <a href="Cerambycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerambycidae">Cerambycidae</a> (longhorned beetles),<a href="#cite_note-stridulation-2">[2]</a> <a href="Mutillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutillidae">Mutillidae</a> ("velvet ants"), <a href="Reduviidae" title="Reduviidae">Reduviidae</a> (assassin bugs), <a href="Buprestidae" title="Buprestidae">Buprestidae</a> (metallic wood-boring beetles), <a href="Hydrophilidae" title="Hydrophilidae">Hydrophilidae</a> (water scavenger beetles),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="Cicindelinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicindelinae">Cicindelinae</a> (tiger beetles), <a href="Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">Scarabaeidae</a> (scarab beetles),<a href="#cite_note-stridulation-2">[2]</a> <a href="Glaresidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaresidae">Glaresidae</a> ("enigmatic scarabs"), <a href="Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> <a href="Stag_beetle" title="Stag beetle">Lucanidae</a> (stag beetles),<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Passalidae" title="Passalidae">Passalidae</a> (Bessbugs),<a href="#cite_note-stridulation-2">[2]</a> <a href="Geotrupidae" title="Geotrupidae">Geotrupidae</a> (earth-boring dung beetles), <a href="Alydidae" title="Alydidae">Alydidae</a> (broad-headed bugs),<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="Largidae" title="Largidae">Largidae</a> (bordered plant bugs),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="Miridae" title="Miridae">Miridae</a> (leaf bugs), <a href="Corixidae" title="Corixidae">Corixidae</a> (water boatmen, notably <a href="Micronecta_scholtzi" title="Micronecta scholtzi">Micronecta scholtzi</a>), various <a href="Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> (including the <a href="Black_imported_fire_ant" title="Black imported fire ant">Black imported fire ant</a>, <a href="Solenopsis_richteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenopsis richteri">Solenopsis richteri</a>),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> some <a href="Phasmatodea" title="Phasmatodea">stick insects</a> such as <a href="Pterinoxylus_spinulosus" title="Pterinoxylus spinulosus">Pterinoxylus spinulosus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-8">[8]</a> and some species of <a href="Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae</a> (leaf-mining flies). While <a href="Cicada" title="Cicada">cicadas</a> are well-known for sound production via abdominal <a href="Tymbal" title="Tymbal">tymbal</a> organs, it has been demonstrated that some species can produce sounds via stridulation, as well.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

Stridulation is also known in a few <a href="Tarantula" title="Tarantula">tarantulas</a> (Arachnida), certain centipedes, such as <a href="Scutigera_coleoptrata" title="Scutigera coleoptrata">Scutigera coleoptrata</a>, and some <a href="Pill_millipede" title="Pill millipede">pill millipedes</a> (Diplopoda, Oniscomorpha).<a href="#cite_note-Wesener_et_al_2005-10">[10]</a>

It is also widespread among decapod crustaceans, e.g., rock lobsters.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow-11">[11]</a> Most spiders are silent, but some tarantula species are known to stridulate. When disturbed, <a href="Theraphosa_blondi" class="mw-redirect" title="Theraphosa blondi">Theraphosa blondi</a>, the Goliath tarantula, can produce a rather loud hissing noise by rubbing together the bristles on its legs. This is said to be audible to a distance of up to 15 feet (4.5 m).<a href="#cite_note-ExSc-12">[12]</a> One of the <a href="Wolf_spider" title="Wolf spider">wolf spiders</a>, <a href="Schizocosa_stridulans" title="Schizocosa stridulans">Schizocosa stridulans</a>, produces low-frequency sounds by flexing its abdomen (tremulation, rather than stridulation) or high-frequency stridulation by using the cymbia on the ends of its <a href="Pedipalps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedipalps">pedipalps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elias2006-13">[13]</a> In most species of spiders, stridulation commonly occurs by males during sexual encounters. In the species <a href="Holocnemus_pluchei" title="Holocnemus pluchei">Holocnemus pluchei</a>, females also possess stridulatory organs, and both sexes engage in stridulation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the species <a href="Steatoda_nobilis" title="Steatoda nobilis">Steatoda nobilis</a>, the males produce stridulation sounds during mating.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

The anatomical parts used to produce sound are quite varied: the most common system is that seen in grasshoppers and many other insects, where a hind leg scraper is rubbed against the adjacent forewing (in <a href="Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> and <a href="True_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="True bug">true bugs</a> the forewings are hardened); in crickets and <a href="Katydid" class="mw-redirect" title="Katydid">katydids</a> a file on one wing is rubbed by a scraper on the other wing; in longhorned beetles, the back edge of the <a href="Pronotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronotum">pronotum</a> scrapes against a file on the <a href="Mesonotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesonotum">mesonotum</a>; in various other beetles, the sound is produced by moving the head—up/down or side-to-side—while in others the abdominal <a href="Tergite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tergite">tergites</a> are rubbed against the <a href="Elytra" class="mw-redirect" title="Elytra">elytra</a>; in assassin bugs, the tip of the mouthparts scrapes along a ridged groove in the <a href="Prosternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosternum">prosternum</a>; in velvet ants the back edge of one abdominal tergite scrapes a file on the dorsal surface of the following tergite.

Stridulation in several of these examples is for attracting a mate, or as a form of <a href="Territorial_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial behaviour">territorial behaviour</a>, but can also be a warning signal (acoustic <a href="Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a>, as in velvet ants and tarantulas). This kind of communication was first described by Slovenian biologist <a href="Ivan_Regen" title="Ivan Regen">Ivan Regen</a> (1868–1947).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertebrate_stridulation">Vertebrate stridulation</h2></div>

Some <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous snakes</a> stridulate as part of a threat display. They arrange their body into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. The best-known examples are members of the <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="Echis" title="Echis">Echis</a> (saw-scaled vipers), although those of the genus <a href="Cerastes_(genus)" title="Cerastes (genus)">Cerastes</a> (North African desert vipers) and at least one bush viper species, <a href="Atheris_desaixi" title="Atheris desaixi">Atheris desaixi</a>, do this as well.<a href="#cite_note-SB95-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mal03-17">[17]</a> A <a href="Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a>, the <a href="Club-winged_manakin" title="Club-winged manakin">club-winged manakin</a>, has a dedicated stridulation apparatus, while a species of mammal, the <a href="Lowland_streaked_tenrec" title="Lowland streaked tenrec">lowland streaked tenrec</a>, (Hemicentetes semispinosus) produces a high-pitched noise by rubbing together specialised quills on its back.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFLyalKing1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lyal, C. H. C.; King, T. (1996). "Elytro-tergal stridulation in weevils (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)". J. Nat. Hist. 30 (5): 703–773. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JNatH..30..703L">1996JNatH..30..703L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00222939600770391">10.1080/00222939600770391</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-stridulation-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stridulation_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stridulation_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stridulation_2-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Rochow1971" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (1971). "Observations on stridulating Australian beetles (Hydrophilidae, Cerambycidae, Passalidae, Dynastinae) using scanning electron microscopical and electrophysiological techniques". Forma et Functio. 4: 326–339.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPirisinuSpinelliClara_Bicchierai1988" class="citation journal cs1">Pirisinu, Q.; Spinelli, G.; Clara Bicchierai, M. (1988). "Stridulatory apparatus in the Italian species of the genus Laccobius Erichson (Coleoptera : Hydrophilidae)". Int. J. Insect Morphology and Embryology. 17 (2): 95–101. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-7322%2888%2990003-7">10.1016/0020-7322(88)90003-7</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maria.fremlin.de/stagbeetles/stridulation.html">Stridulation in stag beetle larvae (Lucanus cervus L.)</a> by Dr. Eva Sprecher-Uebersax, January 2002

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchaeferPupedis1981" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, C. W.; Pupedis, R. J. (1981). "A Stridulatory Device in Certain Alydinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Alydidae". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 54: 143–152.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Lattin, JD (1958) A stridulatory mechanism in Arhaphe cicindeloides Walker (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 34: 217-219.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.olemiss.edu/~hickling/">Stridulation Sounds of Black Fire Ants (Solenopsis richteri) in Different Situations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403215053/http://home.olemiss.edu/~hickling/">Archived</a> 2005-04-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Robinson-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Michael_H.1968" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Michael H. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1968%2F19150">"The Defensive Behavior of Pterinoxylus spinulosus Redtenbacher, a Winged Stick Insect From Panama (Phasmatodea)"</a>. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 75 (3): 195–207. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1968%2F19150">10.1155/1968/19150</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Luo C, Wei C (2015) Stridulatory sound-production and its function in females of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0118667. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118667">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118667</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Wesener_et_al_2005-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Wesener_et_al_2005_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWesenerKöhler,_JörnFuchs,_StefanSpiegel,_Didier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wesener, Thomas; Köhler, Jörn; Fuchs, Stefan; Spiegel, Didier (2011). "How to uncoil your partner—"mating songs" in giant pill-millipedes (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida)". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (11): 967–975. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NW.....98..967W">2011NW.....98..967W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-011-0850-8">10.1007/s00114-011-0850-8</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21971844">21971844</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12005617">12005617</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Meyer-Rochow-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Rochow_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Rochow_V.B.Penrose_J.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer-Rochow V.B.; Penrose J. (1977). "Sound production by the Western rock lobster Panulirus longipes". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 23: 191–210. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-0981%2876%2990141-6">10.1016/0022-0981(76)90141-6</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ExSc-12"><a href="#cite_ref-ExSc_12-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremescience.com/BiggestSpider.htm">Goliath Tarantula, Theraphosa blondi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803211135/http://www.extremescience.com/BiggestSpider.htm">Archived</a> 2009-08-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremescience.com/">Extreme Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090728000757/http://www.extremescience.com/">Archived</a> 2009-07-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 13 March 2007.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Elias2006-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Elias2006_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFElias2006" class="citation journal cs1">Elias, D. O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02104">"Seismic signal production in a wolf spider: parallel versus serial multi-component signals"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (6): 1074–1084. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02104">10.1242/jeb.02104</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16513934">16513934</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Huber, Bernhard A. (October 1995). "Copulatory Mechanism in Holocnemus pluchei and Pholcus opilionoides , With Notes on Male Cheliceral Apophyses and Stridulatory Organs in Pholcidae (Araneae)". Acta Zoologica. 76 (4): 291–300. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1995.tb01001.x.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/community/identification/blog/2014/12/23/fact-sheet-false-widow-spiders--steatoda-spp.html">"NaturePlus: Identification: Fact sheet: False widow spiders - Steatoda spp"</a>. www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-12-15.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SB95-16"><a href="#cite_ref-SB95_16-0">^</a> Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88359-029-8</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mal03-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Mal03_17-0">^</a> Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-89464-877-2</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavies2011" class="citation news cs1">Davies, Ella (11 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_9392000/9392070.stm">"Bizarre mammals filmed calling using their quills"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/subjects/sound">The British Library Sound Archive</a> contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from around the world.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.archentoflor.com/araign%E9e%20stridulatoire.htm">https://www.archentoflor.com/araign%E9e%20stridulatoire.htm</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-09" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Stridulation&oldid=1299532115">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>